马来西亚是一个东南亚国家。海峡两岸重要海峡的位置带来了贸易和外来影响，从根本上影响了她的历史，以及包括西方，佛教，印度教在内的连续外部影响。印度，伊斯兰中东，基督教欧洲，华北和日本，随后在21世纪中叶建立了一个独立于外国殖民国家的国家。

Introduction to the history of Malaysia’s history

Culturally and linguistically, there is not much difference between Malaysia and the Malaysian island today. However, due to external influences, today’s Malay Islands region is divided into six different sovereign countries, namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei and East Timor.

1957年8月31日，联盟主席托库·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼宣布马来亚独立; 1963年，马来亚与新加坡，沙巴和沙捞越组成了马来西亚联邦; 1965年8月，新加坡退出马来西亚联邦。首都是吉隆坡，联邦政府位于普特拉贾亚，马来西亚是东南亚国家联盟的创始成员。它是印度洋区域合作联盟，亚太经济合作组织，英联邦，不结盟运动和伊斯兰会议组织的成员。军事行动包括联合防御五个国家和联合国维和行动。

1.史前时代

马来半岛，沙巴和砂拉越出土了考古遗迹。该地区最古老的人类居住证据可以追溯到4万年前。这些旧石器时代的猎人大多是Semanes的祖先。该集团在马来半岛扎根。

senoyi人似乎是一个复合团体。一半的母系DNA谱系来自塞曼人，另一半来自最近从印度支那半岛迁移的祖先。学者们主张他们是早期南岛语言农民的后代，大约四千年前，语言和技术被带到了半岛的南部，他们与塞人结合并混血。

Native Malays have a variety of sources, even though they show some connections with the oceans of Southeast Asia, some have ancestors from the Indo-China peninsula, the highest peak of the ice age about 20,000 years ago, some anthropology The family supports the original Malays from today’s Yunnan, China, and then the population of the Malay Peninsula to the Malay Islands in the early Holocene.

公元前300年左右，马来西亚人被中间马来人入侵。中学马来人来自铁器时代或青铜时代。他们的祖先来自柬埔寨和越南。这些中等马来人是半岛上第一批使用铁杆的人。他们是马来西亚马来人的直系祖先。

2.早期的王国

印度文明对马来群岛的影响可以追溯到公元前3世纪。古代印第安人称马来半岛为金色半岛（梵语：Suvarnadvipa）。在托勒密的世界地图上，也被称为马来半岛的黄金半岛。 （拉丁文：Golden Chersonese），马六海峡被称为象牙湾（拉丁文：Sinus Sabaricus），印度商人来到马来群岛购买丰富的森林和海产品，以及当时来到这里的中国商人。贸易和交流。

在2世纪和3世纪，中国人和印度人在该地区建立了许多贸易港口和城镇。根据中国的历史记载，有多达30个。在最初的几个世纪中，马来半岛的人们信奉佛教和印度教。印度宗教以梵文为书面语言，于1世纪在马来半岛建立，并从各个岛屿传播开来。

Islam passed through India to the Malay Islands and is different from the Middle East, where Islam is influenced by the mystical traditions of Sufism and absorbs some of the Malays? original animism and Hindu traditions, because Islam is Introduced by traders, not by military conquest, and therefore did not impose Arabic and Arab political customs. Since most Malays cannot browse the Qur’an in Arabic, Islam in Malay Teaching is not as strict as the Arab world, and because the local Malay rulers retain their rights, Islamists do not have the political influence of other Islamic worlds.

根据中国历史书籍，在古代梵语中称为Kedaram或Kataha，在印度商人和国王直接入侵马来半岛的道路上，有二世纪和三世纪，有许多马来王国。印度泰米尔纳德邦的侏罗纪皇帝拉金德拉乔拉于1025年被列入地图，但他的继承人维拉拉金德拉乔拉不得不粉碎吉打叛乱以击败入侵者。

The earliest known kingdom in Malaysia today is the ancient imperial wolf repair, located near the Jenny Lake in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. It is closely related to Funan in Cambodia. Funan ruled northern Malaysia until the 6th century, according to According to the Malay Year, the Khmer empire prince Raja Ganji Sarjuna created the Gangjia Kingdom in the 7th century in Beruas. The 5th century Chinese history book refers to the southern port of Guantoli, located in the 6th Strait of Majia. In the 7th century, the history book recorded a new port called “Shilifoshi”, which is believed to be the title of 3 Buddha in the Tang Dynasty.

3，佛佛帝国

在7世纪和13世纪之间，马来半岛的许多地方都被3 Foqi帝国统治。无论福柯未经核实，估计它位于苏门答腊东部河口附近。它可能是今天的巨大港口。

3佛国王统治了一个松散的海洋王国，由苏门答腊岛，马来半岛和婆罗洲沿海地区组成700年。在某些情况下，3 Foqi也控制了Java岛。该地区，但爪哇岛上的小王国一直抵制3佛的霸权。

3 Foqi是一个商业国家。每年都欢迎来自中国和印度的船队来这里做生意，有时甚至来自日本，阿拉伯和伊朗。 3佛的最大敌人是北方。暹罗，暹罗多次试图从北方征服3个化石，以便与中国结盟以对抗这些敌人，3佛赐向中国皇帝致敬，但从未受到中国统治。

In 1025 and 1026, the kingdom of Ganga was attacked by Rajendra Chola I, the emperor of the ancient Tamil dynasty, which made the first capital of the 3 Buddhas, Kota Gland, ruined. The invasion of the Juro dynasty was degraded. Fozi?s reputation, 3 Foqi once exerted its influence on Kedah and Peking University, as far as Shan Ma Ling.

Pattinapalai是2世纪泰米尔语的第1节，描绘了侏罗纪帝国首都吉打的商品积累。

Kaumudhimahotsva是一部7世纪的梵语戏剧，在吉尔吉斯斯坦称为Kataha-nagari。 Agnipurana还提到Kadaha的领土受到高峰的限制。学者们认为这就是吉打的耶利峰。来自Kataseratasagaram的故事描述了Kadaha的高尚生活。不久之后，相信佛教的单一马来王国控制着吉打。

在11世纪，单马国王Chandrabhanu使用吉打作为攻击斯里兰卡的基地。该事件记录在泰米尔纳德邦的Nagapattinum石碑和斯里兰卡的编年史中。

Since the 10th century, the power of 3 Buddha Qi has begun to weaken. 3 Buddha Qi has never been a centralized state. In the middle of the 10th century, its 1 series war with Java significantly weakened its commercial development and caused the national power to decline in the 11th century. One hostile power, called Melayu, began to confront the three Buddhas, which may be located in today’s Jambi province on the Sumatra coast of Indonesia.

罗瑜女士的影响体现在它是马来语这个词的来源。与此同时，伊斯兰教的普及削弱了印度教三大佛的力量，这是第一个皈依伊斯兰教的佛教。 Aki等地区与3佛统治分开。

在13世纪末，素可泰暹罗王国控制着马来半岛的大部分地区。

在14世纪，爪哇的满洲帝国控制了马来半岛，并成为其领土之一。然而，直到14世纪，福柯仍然控制着其最多产的部分，生产芳香的木材，海鲜，金，锡和香料。蜡和干果在中国和西方都很受欢迎。

4，Ma 6 A和伊斯兰马来亚

马来半岛西岸的Ma 6港口由一个来自3个Fossian王室的王子于1400年建立。马来年称他是山东大学的后裔，是山东大学的敌人。征服巨港，导致他和其他人逃离，Bairimisula航行到淡马锡（现新加坡）以避免迫害。他是北京大学的马来人，并被暹罗国王任命为淡马锡的统治者。受到苏丹Temagi的保护，在不到几天的时间里，巴伐利亚杀死了Temagi并成为了一名统治者。大约五年后，由于暹罗的权力，他被迫离开淡马锡。在此期间，一名来自爪哇舰队的满洲人袭击了淡马锡。

Bayerisula headed north to establish a new base. In Muar, Bayerisula decided to establish his new kingdom in Biawak Busuk or Kota Buruk, after discovering that the location of Muar was actually not suitable. He continued to go north. He is believed to have visited Sening Ujong (the old name of Sungai Ujong in Sungai Urong, now Furong City), and then arrived at the mouth of the Bertam River (the old name of the Ma 6 River). The horse 6 A Sultan dynasty, after the evolution of time, this place developed into today’s horse 6 A.

According to the “Malay Year”, under the Malacca tree (also known as Yuganzi), Bairi Sura saw a hound dog pushing a moose deer to a desperate situation. In order to defend himself, the little elk kicked the dog into the river. He regarded this scene as a good sign and decided to establish a kingdom called Melaka (Malacca), which established and improved trade facilities.

马六成立时，明朝皇帝明成祖派出舰队扩大贸易。永乐元年（1403年），明朝使者尹庆访问马六世。白米苏莱致敬，明成祖承认自己是一匹马。 6国王和国王的合法统治者的地位，为了换取正常的贡品，中国皇帝提供马六保护，以抵抗暹罗的持续威胁，然后郑和舰队在西洋海马6 A停留7次。

In 1411, Bairimisula also led his wife to accompany more than 5,410 people and Zheng He tribute to the Ming Dynasty, repaying Ming Chengzu, “learning Chinese culture.” Before and after this period, Chinese and Indians who settled in the Malay Peninsula became today. The ancestors of Nyonya and the Chetti community, according to one theory, became a Muslim when Bayi Misura married Princess Pasai. He adopted the popular Persian title “Shah” (King), claiming to be Iskandar Shah.

According to the Chinese history book, in 1414, the son of the first ruler of the horse 6 A was introduced to Ming Chengzu, and the news of his father?s death, the son of Bayerisula was immediately recognized, and the second of the horse 6 The ruler, named Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasek and Melaka, whose Muslim people called him Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah or Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah, who ruled Ma 6 from 1414 to 1424, through India Muslims and a small number of returnees from China were affected, and Islam became more and more common in the 15th century.

Ma 6 A quickly occupied the past 3 areas of Foqi, established independent diplomatic relations with China, and controlled China’s maritime trade path to India. Due to the expansion of Mongolia, this time from China to the Western land was blocked, this maritime trade channel has become more and more important. In the years after the founding of the country, the official adoption of Islam, the title of the king by the Raja (Raja ) Changed to Sultan, the political power of the Sultan of the 6th Sultan to help Islam spread throughout the Malay Islands, which at the time became the most prosperous kingdom of the Malaya Peninsula, enabling this belief to spread to neighboring countries.

到16世纪初，伊斯兰教成为马来人的主要宗教，其力量达到了现在的菲律宾。只有巴厘岛仍然是一个孤立的印度教岛屿。

Although the Ma 6 Sultan dynasty lasted only for more than a century, it was seen as a golden age for the Malays to rule independently. The Ma 6 Sultan became a model for all succeeding Malay rulers. To the center of culture, it laid the foundation of today’s Malay culture: Malay Aboriginal culture and the integration of exotic Indian, Chinese and Islamic elements, Ma-style literary, art, music, dance, dress, and its court The gorgeous title of the person became the standard for all Malays.

Ma 6宫廷法院在马来语中享有很高的声誉。这种语言最初是在苏门答腊岛形成的。 Ma 6成立时，它被带到了这个地方。它成为所有马来国家的官方语言，尽管许多地区仍然保持当地语言。

5.柔佛苏丹

奥斯曼帝国封锁了欧洲和亚洲之间的陆路贸易路线，与印度和东南亚的贸易被阿拉伯商人垄断，迫使欧洲国家寻找通往印度的海上通道。

1498年，葡萄牙国王若昂二世派遣瓦斯科达伽马，发现绕过好望角并通往印度的大海。

1511年，Afonso de Albuquerque率领远征舰队前往马来亚。经过一个月的围困，同年7月1日，他占领了马6，马6成为了东方的葡萄牙人。活动的核心。

The last son of the Sultan of the 6th Sudanese dynasty fled to the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and established a new country, the Sultan of Johor. After the disappearance of Ma?s rule, the Malay Islands split into a number of small countries that are constantly fighting each other. The most important ones are Aceh, Brunei, Johor and Pelican. Other countries include Banten, Yogyakarta, Kedah and Selangor. , Sulu and Deng Jialou.

在16世纪末，欧洲商人在马来亚北部发现了锡矿。通过锡的出口，蟑螂变得富裕和强大，欧洲殖民力量在该地区继续扩大，葡萄牙控制着富含香料的摩鹿加群岛的贸易。西班牙于1571年占领了马尼拉。
In 1607, the Sultanate of Aceh emerged as the most prosperous country in the Malay archipelago in Iskandar. Under the rule of Iskandar Muda, the Sultanate?s control extends to most parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. He conquered Pahang, a tin mine in the Malay Peninsula, and smashed the Pahang Sultan. Aceh, his invincible fleet collapsed in the battle of attacking Ma 6 in 1629. According to Portuguese history books, the coalition forces of Portugal and Johor destroyed all his ships and killed 19,000 fighters. However, Aceh?s military strength It was not destroyed. Because Aceh conquered Kedah in the same year and moved many Kedah people to Aceh, the Sultan?s nephew Iskandar Thani was the prince of Pahang and later became his heir, ruled in Iskandar Thani. During the period, Aceh focused on consolidating internal and religious unity.

在17世纪初，荷兰成立了荷兰东印度公司（英文：荷兰东印度公司，荷兰语：Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie，简称VOC），1开始在摩鹿加群岛建立贸易，他们很快就占领了较弱的苏丹国在爪哇岛，他们在1619年建立了巴达维亚作为首都。他们将自己的力量从巴达维亚扩展到马来群岛，并与柔佛结盟以对付他们的主要敌人：马六世的葡萄牙人和强大的亚齐苏丹国。

1641年，经过多次尝试，荷兰和柔佛联盟最终夺取了马6并结束了葡萄牙统治。葡萄牙只剩下葡萄牙帝汶。在荷兰的支持下，柔佛在马来亚的各个苏丹国之间获得。一个松散的霸权地位，除了霹雳，它可以在柔佛和暹罗之间并保持其独立性。

在此期间，马来亚苏丹国的弱化为其他地区的人们进入这些马来人的家园创造了条件。来自印度尼西亚东部的布吉海盗经常袭击马来亚海岸。

In 1699 they assassinated the last Sultan of Johor in Johor, and controlled Johor. Other Bujis controlled Selangor The country’s Negeri Sembilan, the demise of Johor left a vacuum on the Malay Peninsula. The Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom partially compensated for this vacancy, and the five Malay countries in the north – Kedah, Kelantan, Beijing University Year, Glass City and Terengganu ? becoming their own country, the destruction of Johor also made Perak a leader among the Sultanate of Malaya.

The economic importance of Malaya in Europe in the 18th century has grown rapidly. The tea trade between the UK and China has increased the demand for high quality tin in Malaya. Tin is used in the lining of tea boxes and has a moisture-proof effect. Malayan’s pepper is also well-known in Europe, and the development of gold, silver and gold mines and their affiliated industries in Kelantan and Pahang has caused the first batch of immigrants to flood into the Malay world. 1 began with Arabs and Indians, and later Chinese, Chinese settled in towns and quickly controlled economic activities, which established a typical model of Malaya society in the next 200 years: Malays in rural areas gradually Under the control of the wealthy urban immigrant community, even the Sudan could not resist the power of these urban immigrants.

自17世纪以来，英国商人出现在马来亚水域，但直到18世纪中期，由于与中国的贸易增加，英属印度的东印度开始真正对马来亚事务感兴趣。 。它需要在马来亚地区建立一个基地。虽然它以不同的岛屿为基础，但直到1786年8月它才将槟城租给了吉打。英国有第一个长基地，然后英国人在槟城。在大陆的另一边，租了一大块土地（称为省）。

在1795年的拿破仑战争期间，英国人担心荷兰马被法国舰队使用并被接受。他们于1815年返回荷兰，英国州长斯坦福莱佛士寻求替代基地。

1819年2月，他从柔佛苏丹获得了新加坡。在1824年签署“霍拉条约”后，荷兰人同意向马来西亚本苏拉，苏门答腊，槟城和新加坡支付马来西亚人和英国人。这两个基地，加上荷兰的衰落，创造了英国安排马来亚。由于马来亚害怕暹罗的扩张，英国的影响正在增加。

在19世纪，马来苏丹成为大英帝国的忠实盟友。

6.英国马来亚和婆罗洲

1824年，英国和荷兰签署了1824年的“英荷条约”，最终确立了英国对马来亚的霸权。它也决定了当代马来西亚的雏形。荷兰撤回了马匹并放弃了对马来亚的所有利益。它承认荷兰人对东印度其他地区的兴趣，该地区划分了马来亚地区的人造边界，这一边界至今仍然存在。

In 1826, the United Kingdom formed Penang (that is, Penang), Malacca, Singapore and Labuan to form a Straits Settlement. The Straits Settlements were originally managed by the East India Company in Kolkata, and then Penang and Singapore became the colonial administration. The center, until 1867, was administered by the Governor of India to the Colonial Affairs Minister of London. The overseas Chinese used to call it “Lianyu Island A” or “3 State House.”

在19世纪，英国与马来亚的其他苏丹国国家签署了协议，在这些国家设立代理人，以帮助苏丹管理其国家事务。这些机构很快成为这些国家的真正统治者。对于英国投资者而言，锡矿的政治稳定性是最重要的，因此它成为第一个与英国签署协议以同意英国管理层的苏丹国。柔佛是最顽固的苏丹国，直到1914年它才放弃了它的独立。

On July 5, 1896, Pahang, Selangor, Sui and Negeri Sembilan were grouped into the Malay Federation, and they were protected by the United Kingdom. Overseas Chinese used to call it “four state houses”, which actually belonged to the British control.

1909年2月，弱化的暹罗同意将吉打，吉兰丹，玻璃市和登嘉楼交给英国（暹罗保留了北京大学苏丹国的控制权，今天泰国南部仍有少数穆斯林少数民族。独立运动带来了泰国政府很麻烦。）柔佛苏丹的阿布巴卡尔对维多利亚女王很熟悉，因此承认他们是互惠的。直到1914年，Sultan Abu Bakar的继承人Sultan Ibrahim接受了1位英国代表，以前属于泰国和柔佛的四个州统称为马来国家。

In the second half of the 19th century, the United Kingdom also gained control of the northern shore of Borneo, which the Netherlands never established. The eastern part of the region (today’s Sabah) is ruled by the Sulu Sultan, which is controlled by the Spanish Philippine, and the rest is The Sultan of Brunei ruled.

In 1841, the British explorer James Brooke rented Kuching from the Sultan of Brunei and called himself the “white puller” of Sarawak. He then continued to acquire territory from Brunei, northeast of Borneo by the United Kingdom. Businessman colonization.

In 1881, the British North Borneo Company was allowed to control the area, supervised by the Governor of Singapore. The West Philippines never recognized the Sulu Sultan?s loss of these territories. This was the reason why the Philippines claimed to have Sabah?s sovereignty. Brunei in 1888 Became a British protectorate. In 1891, the United Kingdom signed a treaty with the Netherlands, affirming the border between the two countries on Borneo.

In 1910, the British rule of the Malay archipelago was formed. The Straits Settlements became British overseas territories and were governed by the Governor of London?s Colonial Affairs Minister. Half of the residents of this territory are Chinese, but all the agents (the Department of Political Affairs), regardless of Why are the races British citizens, the first to accept the British Sultanate’s four Sultanates, the ?, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang formed the Malay Federation, nominally they are still independent, but from 1895 began to receive a British “general ginseng The administration of the “Political Secretary” has actually become a British colony.

The Malay states (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu) enjoy greater independence, but they also cannot block the will of the British representative. The UK?s closest Malay allied Johor has its own constitutional privileges. The Sudan has the right to appoint a cabinet, but in fact every time the Sudan must first discuss his appointment with the United Kingdom.

7.日本统治和紧急状态

When the Pacific War broke out in December 1941, the British in Malaya could be said to be completely unprepared. In the 1930s, the British established a huge naval base in Singapore in order to deal with the escalating Japanese navy, but did not expect it. When I arrived in Japan, I invaded Malaya from the north. Due to the needs of the European battlefield, the United Kingdom did not actually have air force in the Far East. Therefore, Japan could launch attacks from the base of the French Indochina, without being resisted, although the United Kingdom and Australia. And the Indian army’s stubborn resistance, but Japan occupied Malaya in two months.

On February 15, 1942, there was no land defense, no air force support, and Singapore’s surrender without fresh water supply. This is a reputational loss that Britain could not make up. British North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei were also occupied by Japan.

日本人将马来人视为英国殖民统治下的殖民地殖民地，并建立了有限的马来民族主义，使日本人能够在马来当局和知识分子中获得一定程度的支持。大多数苏丹也主动与日本人合作。虽然日本后来被击败，但日本同意在战争结束后让马来亚独立，以配合大东亚共同繁荣的政策，并协助培训马来人组建武装部队和政府部门。 。

所以一般来说，当英国人在1945年回到马来亚时，他们最乐意成为马来人，但情况不像英国的战前情况，寻求独立的愿望正在增长。在当地破产后，新英国工党政府主张尽快撤出东方，殖民自治和独立成为新的英国政策。横扫亚洲的殖民地民族主义浪潮迅速蔓延到马来亚，但大多数马来人当时更关注抵抗。由中国人组成的马来共产党并非独立于英国。事实上，他们希望英国不要退出马来亚，而是要帮助他们打击马来亚共产党，而马来亚是最武装的。

In the last year of the Second World War, the Malayan Communist Party and the Malay-led forces clashed. Many Malays were killed by well-equipped Chinese Communists. After the war, they returned to Malayan and found this place. On the edge of the civil war, the Communist Party of China was a legitimate political party, and made great contributions in the Second World War. After the British returned to the horse, they worried that the expansion of the Communist Party?s power would eventually lead the Communist Party to be an illegal political party. After the peaceful way of winning was invalid, it was decided to change it by force.

In 1946 the United Kingdom announced a plan to organize the Malayan Federation, which would belong to the Sultanate of the Malay Federation and the Malay State, plus Penang and Malaysia 6 (but not Singapore). Overseas territories, and independent in a few years, this plan was strongly opposed by the Malays. Because it weakened the status of the Malay rulers and granted citizenship to Malayan Chinese and ethnic minorities, 1 the Sudan began to support the plan. However, he later turned to oppose this plan and let himself lead this opposition. In March of the same year, under the leadership of Johor Chief Minister Orn Gafar, the Malays formed a joint organization of witches. Umno supports Malaya?s independence, provided that the new country is entirely under the control of the Malays, faced with strong opposition from the Malays, and the British gave up plans for equal citizenship. Therefore, the Malayan Federation was announced in June 1946. Disbanded in 1948, replaced by the establishment of the Malayan United States on February 1, 1948. Under the protection of the United Kingdom, the rulers of the Malay Sultanate resumed their autonomy.

与此同时，共产党正积极准备骚乱。 1945年12月，抗日游击队员被解散。马来亚共产党成为一个合法的政党，但游击武器经过精心收集，以备将来使用。它立即独立，与所有民族平等，这意味着招募马来成员非常困难，主要支持者来自中国主导的商会，特别是在新加坡;和中国的学校，大多数教师来自中国，看到中国共产党是中华民族复兴的领导者。

In March 1947, with the beginning of the Cold War and the left-leaning of the Communist International, the general secretary of the Malayan Communist Party Wright was killed. The former guerrilla leader Chen Ping was the general secretary. Chen Ping asked the Communist Party to act immediately. The Communist Party launched the guerrillas and expected to force British power was withdrawn from Malaya. In July, after a series of assassinations of the manor, the British colonial government launched a counterattack and declared a state of emergency. The Malayan Communist Party was banned, hundreds of soldiers were arrested, and the Communist Party retreated into the forest. The Malayan People?s Liberation Army was organized. This army has about 13,000 men, of which the 10th team is mainly composed of Malays.

This period, known as the Malayan state of emergency, lasted from 1948 to 1960. The brutal battle spread throughout the Malay Peninsula. The British strategy was quite effective. Through economic and political compromises against the Chinese, the Chinese living in the scattered country were concentrated. The “New Village” in the “White Area” outside the power of the Communist Party of China effectively mobilized the Malays against the Malayan Communist Party. It is also an important strategy for the United Kingdom. Since 1949, the Communist Party has lost its motives and recruited guerrillas. Sharply reduced.

In 1951, the Communist Party of Malaya murdered the British High Commissioner Henry Gurney, but this kind of strategy of turning to “terrorists” caused the Malayan Communist Party to lose many moderate Chinese support. Gerald Demp in 1952 Le was appointed commander of the British Army of Malaya. He brought the end of the state of emergency. In the Malaya, Deng Puer invented the tactics of anti-guerrilla warfare and ruthlessly annihilated the Communist Party. Although the guerrillas were defeated, the British army Relying on the background of the Cold War, relying on this background, Malayan, a member of the Commonwealth, became independent on August 31, 1957.

8.马来西亚的成立

中国人反对中国共产党，并出现在1949年2月成立的马来亚华人协会（MCA）中。它成为规范中国政治观点的渠道。其领导人陈一禄愿意与巫统合作，建立各级公民。独立的马来亚，但同时在马来人的敏感问题上做出妥协，以制止对马来民族主义者的恐惧。

1951年，吉恩王子，东姑阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼，在欧文·贾法尔之后，负责巫统领袖，陈玉露与东古·阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼密切合作，正如1949年英国宣布的那样。无论马来人是否愿意，马来亚将在几年内获得独立，两位领导人必须下定决心，提出两个社区都能接受的协议，并成为一个稳定的独立国家的基础。这个巫民 - 中国公会联盟（后来印度国会于1955年加入盟友）在1952年和1955年的选举中赢得了马来和中国地区。

民主选举的地方政府制度的引入是克服共产党的又一重要步骤。 1953年斯大林去世后，共产党领导层对持续的武装斗争发生了分歧。许多马来西亚游击队员对武装斗争失去信心。回到家乡，当Demple于1954年离开马来亚时，紧急状态已经结束，尽管陈平仍带领一群顽固的游击队员继续在难以进入的泰国边境城镇工作多年，从而处于紧急状态马来人和中国人之间的长期复仇。

在1955年和1956年，巫统，马华，印度国民大会和联合王国共同起草了宪法草案，承认所有国家享有同样的公民身份。作为交换，中国协会同意国家元首被马来亚苏丹撕裂。马来语成为推动和资助马来人教育和经济发展的官方语言。事实上，这项协议意味着马来亚将由马来人管理，特别是因为他们继续主导理事机构，警察和军队。但是，中国人和印度人将在内阁和议会中拥有比例代表权，并管理他们的大多数州，他们的经济地位受到保护。谁控制了教育系统是一个非常热门的问题，1延迟独立未解决后，1957年8月31日，东古阿都拉曼成为独立马来亚的第一任总理。

马来亚独立后，该地区其他英国领土的未来尚未解决。在日本投降后，布鲁克家族和英属北婆罗洲公司分别放弃了对沙捞越和沙巴的控制，这些地区成为英国皇家殖民地。与马来亚相比，这些地区的经济发展相当落后。当地政治领导人太弱，无法寻求独立，这些地区与马来亚之间的文化差异也很大。中国主导的新加坡是在1955年。1959年，年轻的社会主义运动领袖李光耀成为新加坡的首席部长，富含石油的文莱苏丹国仍然是英国的附属机构。 1959年至1962年间，英国政府召开了多次复杂的谈判。这些地方领导人与马来亚政府谈判。

In 1961, Donggu Abdul Rahman agreed to establish the concept of ?Malaysia?. Malaysia will include Brunei, Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, which were once British overseas territories. The rationale behind this is to allow the central government. The government controls and combats the activities of the Communist Party (especially in Singapore). In addition, Malaya is also afraid that Singapore will become a base for Chinese chauvinists if it is independent. It wants to rule the Malays and balance the ethnicity. After the inclusion of Lai, Sabah and Sarawak in this new country, their Malays and indigenous populations will offset the majority of Singaporeans.

Although Singapore?s Chief Minister Lee Kuan Yew supports this proposal, his party?s opponents in the Singapore socialist front oppose the plan, believing that this is a plan for the UK to continue to control the region. Most political parties in Sarawak also oppose this plan. There is no political party in Sabah. However, local community representatives also expressed opposition. Brunei Sultan supported the plan, but the Brunei People?s Party objected to the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1961, Donggu Abdul Rahman His opponents went on to discuss the plan in 1 step. In October, the British government approved the plan, provided that the region participating in the merger plan had to be approved, and Lord Cobbold led the Gebo Committee to Borneo to study the opinions of local residents. It is believed that Sabah and Sarawak agreed to merge, but many people in Brunei objected that 70% of the referendums in Singapore agreed to the merger, provided that the Singaporean government obtained substantial autonomy and Brunei Sudan withdrew from the participating Malaysia. Plan, this is due to opposition from the majority of the people, about The dispute over the proportion of oil profit distribution, and the status of the post-merger Sudan, in addition, the People?s Party of Brunei launched an armed revolution, although it was immediately flattened, but it was regarded as a latent instability factor in this new country.

在讨论了格博委员会的报告后，英国政府成立了Landsdowne委员会来起草马来西亚宪法草案。新宪法的最终草案与1957年的马来亚宪法基本相同。只进行了一些修改。例如，最初承认马来人的特殊地位延伸到沙捞越和沙巴的所有土着人民。新加坡，沙捞越和沙巴三个新加入的国家也获得了一些自治权。这是最初的9个马来亚州。该部没有，因为新加坡，沙捞越和沙巴是美国的国家，马来亚联邦是马来西亚联邦。

After the negotiations in July 1963, it was decided that the Malaysian Federation would be formally established on August 31, 1963. This day happened to be the day of independence of Malaya and the British autonomy granted to Singapore and Sabah, but the Philippines and Indonesia strongly opposed it. This situation has developed. Indonesia calls Malaysia a representative of neocolonialism, while the Philippines emphasizes that Sabah is her territory. Indonesian President Sukarno has raised objections with the support of the powerful Communist Party of Indonesia, and the Sarawak People?s United Party has launched repeated protests. Based on these factors, the United Nations formed an eight-member delegation to visit Sarawak and Sabah to confirm their willingness to participate in Malaysia.

马来西亚于1963年9月16日正式成立。它由马来亚，沙巴，沙捞越和新加坡组成。马来西亚人口约为1000万。