Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country. The position of the important channel of the sea in the Straits of the 6th Strait has brought trade and foreign influences, fundamentally affecting her history, and successive external influences, including from the West, Buddhism, Hinduism. India, the Islamic Middle East, and Christian Europe, and the North China and Japan, followed by the establishment of a country independent of foreign colonial power in the mid-21st century.

Introduction to the history of Malaysia’s history

Culturally and linguistically, there is not much difference between Malaysia and the Malaysian island today. However, due to external influences, today’s Malay Islands region is divided into six different sovereign countries, namely: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei and East Timor.

On August 31, 1957, the president of the League, Tunku Abdul Rahman, announced the independence of Malaya; in 1963, Malayan formed the Malaysian Federation with Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak; in August 1965, Singapore withdrew from the Malaysian Federation. The capital is Kuala Lumpur, the federal government is located in Putrajaya, and Malaysia is the founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It is a member of the Indian Ocean Regional Cooperation Alliance, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Commonwealth, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. The military operations include the joint defense of five countries and UN peacekeeping operations.

1. Prehistoric times

Archaeological remains are unearthed in the Malay Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak. The oldest evidence of human habitation in this area dates back 40,000 years ago. These Paleolithic hunters were mostly ancestors of the Semanes. The group has deep roots in the Malay Peninsula.

The senoyi people seem to be a composite group. One and a half of the maternal DNA pedigree comes from the Semans, and the other half comes from the ancestors who moved from the Indo-China peninsula lately. Scholars advocate that they are descendants of the early South Island language farmers, about Four thousand years ago, the language and technology were brought to the south of the peninsula, and they were combined with the Semans and mixed with blood.

Native Malays have a variety of sources, even though they show some connections with the oceans of Southeast Asia, some have ancestors from the Indo-China peninsula, the highest peak of the ice age about 20,000 years ago, some anthropology The family supports the original Malays from today’s Yunnan, China, and then the population of the Malay Peninsula to the Malay Islands in the early Holocene.

Around 300 BC, the native Malays were invaded by the secondary Malays. The secondary Malays were from the Iron Age or the Bronze Age. Their ancestors came from Cambodia and Vietnam. These secondary Malays are the first people on the peninsula to use irons. They are the direct ancestors of the Malaysian Malays.

2. The early kingdom

The influence of Indian civilization on the Malay Islands can be traced back to the 3rd century BC. Ancient Indians called the Malay Peninsula the Golden Peninsula (Sanskrit: Suvarnadvipa). On the world map of Ptolemy, also known as the Malay Peninsula is the Golden Peninsula. (Latin: Golden Chersonese), the strait of Ma 6 is called Ivory Bay (Latin: Sinus Sabaricus), Indian merchants came to the Malay Islands to buy rich forest and marine products, and Chinese businessmen who came here at the time. Trade and exchange.

Chinese and Indians established many trading ports and towns in the region in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. According to Chinese historical records, there are as many as 30. In the first few centuries, people in the Malay Peninsula believed in Buddhism and Hinduism. The Indian religion, with Sanskrit as a written language, was established in the Malay Peninsula in the 1st century and spread from all over the islands.

Islam passed through India to the Malay Islands and is different from the Middle East, where Islam is influenced by the mystical traditions of Sufism and absorbs some of the Malays’ original animism and Hindu traditions, because Islam is Introduced by traders, not by military conquest, and therefore did not impose Arabic and Arab political customs. Since most Malays cannot browse the Qur’an in Arabic, Islam in Malay Teaching is not as strict as the Arab world, and because the local Malay rulers retain their rights, Islamists do not have the political influence of other Islamic worlds.

In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, there are numerous Malay kingdoms, according to Chinese history books, 30, Kedah, in ancient Sanskrit called Kedaram or Kataha, on the path of Indian traders and kings directly invading the Malay Peninsula. Rajendra Chola, the emperor of the Jurassic emperor in Tamil Nadu, India, was included in the map in 1025, but his heir, Vir Rajendra Chola, had to smash the Kedah rebellion to defeat the invaders.

The earliest known kingdom in Malaysia today is the ancient imperial wolf repair, located near the Jenny Lake in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. It is closely related to Funan in Cambodia. Funan ruled northern Malaysia until the 6th century, according to According to the Malay Year, the Khmer empire prince Raja Ganji Sarjuna created the Gangjia Kingdom in the 7th century in Beruas. The 5th century Chinese history book refers to the southern port of Guantoli, located in the 6th Strait of Majia. In the 7th century, the history book recorded a new port called “Shilifoshi”, which is believed to be the title of 3 Buddha in the Tang Dynasty.

3, 3 Foqi Empire

Between the 7th and 13th centuries, many parts of the Malay Peninsula were ruled by the 3 Foqi Empire. Wherever Foucault was not verified, it is estimated to be located near the estuary of a river in eastern Sumatra. It may be the huge port of today.

3 The king of Foqi ruled a loose sea kingdom composed of the coastal areas of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo for 700 years. In some cases, 3 Foqi also controlled the Java Island. The region, but the small kingdoms on the island of Java have always resisted the hegemony of the 3 Buddha.

3 Foqi is a commercial country. Every year, the fleet from China and India is welcome to come here to do business, sometimes even from Japan, Arabia and Iran. The biggest enemy of 3 Buddha is the North. Siam, Siam repeatedly tried to conquer 3 Fossil from the north, in order to form an alliance with China to fight against these enemies, 3 Foqi tribute to the Chinese emperor, but never under Chinese rule.

In 1025 and 1026, the kingdom of Ganga was attacked by Rajendra Chola I, the emperor of the ancient Tamil dynasty, which made the first capital of the 3 Buddhas, Kota Gland, ruined. The invasion of the Juro dynasty was degraded. Fozi’s reputation, 3 Foqi once exerted its influence on Kedah and Peking University, as far as Shan Ma Ling.

Pattinapalai, a 1st Tamil verse in the 2nd century, depicts the accumulation of goods from Kedah in the capital of the Jurassic Empire.

Kaumudhimahotsva, a Sanskrit drama in the 7th century, called Kataha-nagari in Kyrgyzstan. Agnipurana also mentioned that the territory of Kadaha is bounded by a peak. Scholars believe that this is the Jele Peak of Kedah. The story from Kataseratasagaram describes the noble life of Kadaha. Soon after, the single Malay Kingdom, which believes in Buddhism, controls Kedah.

In the 11th century, the single horse king Chandrabhanu used Kedah as a base for attacking Sri Lanka. The incident was recorded in the stone tablet of Nagapattinum in Tamil Nadu and the chronicle of Sri Lanka.

Since the 10th century, the power of 3 Buddha Qi has begun to weaken. 3 Buddha Qi has never been a centralized state. In the middle of the 10th century, its 1 series war with Java significantly weakened its commercial development and caused the national power to decline in the 11th century. One hostile power, called Melayu, began to confront the three Buddhas, which may be located in today’s Jambi province on the Sumatra coast of Indonesia.

The influence of Ms. Luo Yu is manifested in the fact that it is the source of the word Malay. At the same time, the popularity of Islam has weakened the power of the three Buddhas of Hinduism, the first to convert to Islam. Areas such as Aki are separated from the rule of 3 Buddha.

At the end of the 13th century, the Sukhothai Kingdom of Siam controlled most parts of the Malay Peninsula.

In the 14th century, the Manchurian Empire of Java controlled the Malay Peninsula and became one of its territories. However, until the 14th century, Foucault still controlled its most prolific part, producing fragrant wood, seafood, gold, tin, and spices. , wax and dried fruit are very popular in China and in the West.

4, Ma 6 A and Islamic Malaya

The port of Ma 6 in the west bank of the Malay Peninsula was established in 1400 by a prince from the 3 Fossian royal family. The Malay Year called him a descendant of the Shandong University of Shandong, the enemy. Conquering the Palembang, causing him and others to flee, Bairimisula sailed to Temasek (now Singapore) to avoid persecution. He was Malay from Peking University and appointed by the King of Siam as the ruler of Temasek. Protected by Temagi of the Sudan, in less than a few days, Bayerisula killed Temagi and became a ruler. About five years later, due to the Siamese power, he was forced to leave Temasek. During this period, one came from The Javanese fleet of the Manchurians attacked Temasek.

Bayerisula headed north to establish a new base. In Muar, Bayerisula decided to establish his new kingdom in Biawak Busuk or Kota Buruk, after discovering that the location of Muar was actually not suitable. He continued to go north. He is believed to have visited Sening Ujong (the old name of Sungai Ujong in Sungai Urong, now Furong City), and then arrived at the mouth of the Bertam River (the old name of the Ma 6 River). The horse 6 A Sultan dynasty, after the evolution of time, this place developed into today’s horse 6 A.

According to the “Malay Year”, under the Malacca tree (also known as Yuganzi), Bairi Sura saw a hound dog pushing a moose deer to a desperate situation. In order to defend himself, the little elk kicked the dog into the river. He regarded this scene as a good sign and decided to establish a kingdom called Melaka (Malacca), which established and improved trade facilities.

When Ma 6 was founded, Emperor Ming Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent a fleet to expand trade. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Yin Qing, the emissary of the Ming Dynasty, visited Ma 6 A. Bai Mi Su Lai sent a tribute, Ming Chengzu admitted that he was a horse. 6 The status of the legal ruler of the A, the seal of the king and the king, in exchange for regular tribute, the Chinese emperor provided Ma 6 protection, in order to resist the constant threat of Siam, and then the Zheng He fleet 7 times in the Western Ocean Horse 6 A stays.

In 1411, Bairimisula also led his wife to accompany more than 5,410 people and Zheng He tribute to the Ming Dynasty, repaying Ming Chengzu, “learning Chinese culture.” Before and after this period, Chinese and Indians who settled in the Malay Peninsula became today. The ancestors of Nyonya and the Chetti community, according to one theory, became a Muslim when Bayi Misura married Princess Pasai. He adopted the popular Persian title “Shah” (King), claiming to be Iskandar Shah.

According to the Chinese history book, in 1414, the son of the first ruler of the horse 6 A was introduced to Ming Chengzu, and the news of his father’s death, the son of Bayerisula was immediately recognized, and the second of the horse 6 The ruler, named Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasek and Melaka, whose Muslim people called him Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah or Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah, who ruled Ma 6 from 1414 to 1424, through India Muslims and a small number of returnees from China were affected, and Islam became more and more common in the 15th century.

Ma 6 A quickly occupied the past 3 areas of Foqi, established independent diplomatic relations with China, and controlled China’s maritime trade path to India. Due to the expansion of Mongolia, this time from China to the Western land was blocked, this maritime trade channel has become more and more important. In the years after the founding of the country, the official adoption of Islam, the title of the king by the Raja (Raja ) Changed to Sultan, the political power of the Sultan of the 6th Sultan to help Islam spread throughout the Malay Islands, which at the time became the most prosperous kingdom of the Malaya Peninsula, enabling this belief to spread to neighboring countries.

By the beginning of the 16th century, Islam became the main religion of the Malays, and its power reached the present Philippines. Only Bali is still an isolated Hindu island.

Although the Ma 6 Sultan dynasty lasted only for more than a century, it was seen as a golden age for the Malays to rule independently. The Ma 6 Sultan became a model for all succeeding Malay rulers. To the center of culture, it laid the foundation of today’s Malay culture: Malay Aboriginal culture and the integration of exotic Indian, Chinese and Islamic elements, Ma-style literary, art, music, dance, dress, and its court The gorgeous title of the person became the standard for all Malays.

The Ma 6 Palace Court gave a very high reputation to the Malay language. This language was originally formed in Sumatra. It was brought to the place when the Ma 6 was founded. It became the official language of all Malay countries, even though many areas still Keep local language.

5. The Sultan of Johor

The Ottoman Empire blocked the land trade route between Europe and Asia, and trade with India and Southeast Asia was monopolized by Arab merchants, forcing European countries to find a sea route to India.

In 1498, the Portuguese King Joao II sent Vasco da Gama and found the sea that bypassed the Cape of Good Hope and led to India.

In 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque led the expeditionary fleet to Malaya. After a month of siege, on July 1 of the same year, he occupied the horse 6 and the horse 6 became the Portuguese in the East. The core of the event.

The last son of the Sultan of the 6th Sudanese dynasty fled to the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and established a new country, the Sultan of Johor. After the disappearance of Ma’s rule, the Malay Islands split into a number of small countries that are constantly fighting each other. The most important ones are Aceh, Brunei, Johor and Pelican. Other countries include Banten, Yogyakarta, Kedah and Selangor. , Sulu and Deng Jialou.

At the end of the 16th century, European merchants discovered tin mines in northern Malaya. Through the export of tin, the cockroaches became rich and strong, European colonial power continued to expand in this region, and Portugal controlled the trade of the spice-rich Moluccas. Spain occupied Manila in 1571.
In 1607, the Sultanate of Aceh emerged as the most prosperous country in the Malay archipelago in Iskandar. Under the rule of Iskandar Muda, the Sultanate’s control extends to most parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. He conquered Pahang, a tin mine in the Malay Peninsula, and smashed the Pahang Sultan. Aceh, his invincible fleet collapsed in the battle of attacking Ma 6 in 1629. According to Portuguese history books, the coalition forces of Portugal and Johor destroyed all his ships and killed 19,000 fighters. However, Aceh’s military strength It was not destroyed. Because Aceh conquered Kedah in the same year and moved many Kedah people to Aceh, the Sultan’s nephew Iskandar Thani was the prince of Pahang and later became his heir, ruled in Iskandar Thani. During the period, Aceh focused on consolidating internal and religious unity.

In the early 17th century, the Netherlands established the Dutch East India Company (English: Dutch East India Company, Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC for short), 1 began to establish trade in the Moluccas, they soon occupied The weaker Sultanate on Java Island established Batavia as their capital in 1619. They expanded their power from Batavia to the Malay Islands and formed an alliance with Johor to deal with their main enemy: the Portuguese of Ma 6 And the powerful Sultanate of Aceh.

In 1641, after several attempts, the Dutch and Johor coalitions finally captured the horse 6 and ended the Portuguese rule. Portugal was left with only the Portuguese Timor. With the support of the Netherlands, Johor obtained between the various Sultanates of Malaya. A loose hegemonic position, with the exception of Perak, it can be between Johor and Siam and maintain its independence.

During this period, the weakening of the Sultanate of Malaya created conditions for the movement of people from other regions into these Malay homeland. Buji pirates from eastern Indonesia often attacked the Malayan coast.

In 1699 they assassinated the last Sultan of Johor in Johor, and controlled Johor. Other Bujis controlled Selangor The country’s Negeri Sembilan, the demise of Johor left a vacuum on the Malay Peninsula. The Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom partially compensated for this vacancy, and the five Malay countries in the north – Kedah, Kelantan, Beijing University Year, Glass City and Terengganu – becoming their own country, the destruction of Johor also made Perak a leader among the Sultanate of Malaya.

The economic importance of Malaya in Europe in the 18th century has grown rapidly. The tea trade between the UK and China has increased the demand for high quality tin in Malaya. Tin is used in the lining of tea boxes and has a moisture-proof effect. Malayan’s pepper is also well-known in Europe, and the development of gold, silver and gold mines and their affiliated industries in Kelantan and Pahang has caused the first batch of immigrants to flood into the Malay world. 1 began with Arabs and Indians, and later Chinese, Chinese settled in towns and quickly controlled economic activities, which established a typical model of Malaya society in the next 200 years: Malays in rural areas gradually Under the control of the wealthy urban immigrant community, even the Sudan could not resist the power of these urban immigrants.

Since the 17th century, British merchants have appeared in the waters of Malaya, but it was not until the mid-18th century that British East India, based in British India, began to be truly interested in Malaya affairs, due to increased trade with China. It needed to set up a base in the Malaya region. Although it used different islands as its base, it was not until August 1786 that it rented Penang to Kedah. The UK had its first long base and then the British was in Penang. On the other side of the mainland, a large piece of land was rented (known as the province).

During the Napoleonic Wars in 1795, the British were afraid that the Dutch horses were used by the French fleet and were accepted. They were returned to the Netherlands in 1815, and the British Governor Stanford Raffles sought a replacement base.

In February 1819, he obtained Singapore from the Sultan of Johor. After the signing of the Hora Treaty in 1824, the Dutch agreed to pay the Malaysian 6 and the British to Ben Coolen, Sumatra, Penang and Singapore. These two bases, coupled with the decline of the Netherlands, created the United Kingdom to arrange Malaya. As Malaya is afraid of the expansion of Siam, the influence of the UK is increasing.

In the 19th century, the Malay Sultan became a loyal ally of the British Empire.

6. British Malaya and Borneo

In 1824, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands signed the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, which finally established the British hegemony over Malaya. It also determined the embryonic form of contemporary Malaysia. The Netherlands withdrew the horse and gave up all the interests in Malaya. It recognizes the Dutch interest in the rest of East India, which divides a man-made boundary in the Malaya region, and this boundary remains to this day.

In 1826, the United Kingdom formed Penang (that is, Penang), Malacca, Singapore and Labuan to form a Straits Settlement. The Straits Settlements were originally managed by the East India Company in Kolkata, and then Penang and Singapore became the colonial administration. The center, until 1867, was administered by the Governor of India to the Colonial Affairs Minister of London. The overseas Chinese used to call it “Lianyu Island A” or “3 State House.”

In the 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with other Sultanate countries in Malaya to set up agents in these countries to help Sudan manage its state affairs. These agencies soon became the real rulers of these countries. For British investors, The political stability of the tin mine is the most important, so it became the first Sultanate to sign an agreement with the United Kingdom to agree to British management. Johor is the most stubborn Sultanate, and it was not until 1914 that it abandoned its independence.

On July 5, 1896, Pahang, Selangor, Sui and Negeri Sembilan were grouped into the Malay Federation, and they were protected by the United Kingdom. Overseas Chinese used to call it “four state houses”, which actually belonged to the British control.

In February 1909, the weakened Siam agreed to give Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu to the UK (Siam preserved the control of the Sultanate of Peking University, and there is still a small Muslim minority in southern Thailand today. The independence movement brought a lot of trouble to the Thai government.) Abu Bakar, the Sultan of Johor, was familiar with Queen Victoria, and therefore admitted that they were reciprocal. Until 1914, Sultan Ibrahim, the heir of Sultan Abu Bakar, accepted 1 The British representative, the four states that previously belonged to Thailand and Johor are collectively known as the Malay state.

In the second half of the 19th century, the United Kingdom also gained control of the northern shore of Borneo, which the Netherlands never established. The eastern part of the region (today’s Sabah) is ruled by the Sulu Sultan, which is controlled by the Spanish Philippine, and the rest is The Sultan of Brunei ruled.

In 1841, the British explorer James Brooke rented Kuching from the Sultan of Brunei and called himself the “white puller” of Sarawak. He then continued to acquire territory from Brunei, northeast of Borneo by the United Kingdom. Businessman colonization.

In 1881, the British North Borneo Company was allowed to control the area, supervised by the Governor of Singapore. The West Philippines never recognized the Sulu Sultan’s loss of these territories. This was the reason why the Philippines claimed to have Sabah’s sovereignty. Brunei in 1888 Became a British protectorate. In 1891, the United Kingdom signed a treaty with the Netherlands, affirming the border between the two countries on Borneo.

In 1910, the British rule of the Malay archipelago was formed. The Straits Settlements became British overseas territories and were governed by the Governor of London’s Colonial Affairs Minister. Half of the residents of this territory are Chinese, but all the agents (the Department of Political Affairs), regardless of Why are the races British citizens, the first to accept the British Sultanate’s four Sultanates, the 马, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang formed the Malay Federation, nominally they are still independent, but from 1895 began to receive a British “general ginseng The administration of the “Political Secretary” has actually become a British colony.

The Malay states (Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu) enjoy greater independence, but they also cannot block the will of the British representative. The UK’s closest Malay allied Johor has its own constitutional privileges. The Sudan has the right to appoint a cabinet, but in fact every time the Sudan must first discuss his appointment with the United Kingdom.

7. Japanese rule and state of emergency

When the Pacific War broke out in December 1941, the British in Malaya could be said to be completely unprepared. In the 1930s, the British established a huge naval base in Singapore in order to deal with the escalating Japanese navy, but did not expect it. When I arrived in Japan, I invaded Malaya from the north. Due to the needs of the European battlefield, the United Kingdom did not actually have air force in the Far East. Therefore, Japan could launch attacks from the base of the French Indochina, without being resisted, although the United Kingdom and Australia. And the Indian army’s stubborn resistance, but Japan occupied Malaya in two months.

On February 15, 1942, there was no land defense, no air force support, and Singapore’s surrender without fresh water supply. This is a reputational loss that Britain could not make up. British North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei were also occupied by Japan.

The Japanese saw the Malays as a colony of liberated colonies from British colonial rule and established limited Malay nationalism, which enabled the Japanese to win a certain degree of support among Malay authorities and intellectuals. Most of the Sudan also took the initiative to cooperate with the Japanese. Although Japan was defeated later, Japan agreed to let Malaya independence after the war in order to cooperate with the policy of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity circle, and assisted in training the Malays to form armed forces and government departments. .

So in general, when the British returned to Malaya in 1945, they were most happy to be Malays, but the situation was not like the pre-war situation in the UK, and the desire to seek independence was growing. Local bankruptcy, the new British Labor Party government advocated the withdrawal of the East as soon as possible, colonial autonomy and independence became the new British policy. The wave of colonial nationalism swept across Asia quickly reached Malaya, but most Malays were more concerned about resistance at the time. The Malayan Communist Party, composed of Chinese, is not independent from Britain. In fact, they want Britain not to withdraw from Malaya, but to help them fight against the Malayan Communist Party, when Malaya was the most armed.

In the last year of the Second World War, the Malayan Communist Party and the Malay-led forces clashed. Many Malays were killed by well-equipped Chinese Communists. After the war, they returned to Malayan and found this place. On the edge of the civil war, the Communist Party of China was a legitimate political party, and made great contributions in the Second World War. After the British returned to the horse, they worried that the expansion of the Communist Party’s power would eventually lead the Communist Party to be an illegal political party. After the peaceful way of winning was invalid, it was decided to change it by force.

In 1946 the United Kingdom announced a plan to organize the Malayan Federation, which would belong to the Sultanate of the Malay Federation and the Malay State, plus Penang and Malaysia 6 (but not Singapore). Overseas territories, and independent in a few years, this plan was strongly opposed by the Malays. Because it weakened the status of the Malay rulers and granted citizenship to Malayan Chinese and ethnic minorities, 1 the Sudan began to support the plan. However, he later turned to oppose this plan and let himself lead this opposition. In March of the same year, under the leadership of Johor Chief Minister Orn Gafar, the Malays formed a joint organization of witches. Umno supports Malaya’s independence, provided that the new country is entirely under the control of the Malays, faced with strong opposition from the Malays, and the British gave up plans for equal citizenship. Therefore, the Malayan Federation was announced in June 1946. Disbanded in 1948, replaced by the establishment of the Malayan United States on February 1, 1948. Under the protection of the United Kingdom, the rulers of the Malay Sultanate resumed their autonomy.

At the same time, the Communist Party was actively preparing for the riots. In December 1945, the anti-Japanese guerrillas were disbanded. The Malayan Communist Party became a legitimate political party, but the guerrilla weapons were carefully collected for future use. It is immediately independent and equal to all ethnic groups, which means that it is extremely difficult to recruit Malay members, the main supporters are from Chinese-led chambers of commerce, especially in Singapore; and Chinese schools, where most of the teachers come from China and see the Chinese Communist Party Be the leader of the rebirth of the Chinese nation.

In March 1947, with the beginning of the Cold War and the left-leaning of the Communist International, the general secretary of the Malayan Communist Party Wright was killed. The former guerrilla leader Chen Ping was the general secretary. Chen Ping asked the Communist Party to act immediately. The Communist Party launched the guerrillas and expected to force British power was withdrawn from Malaya. In July, after a series of assassinations of the manor, the British colonial government launched a counterattack and declared a state of emergency. The Malayan Communist Party was banned, hundreds of soldiers were arrested, and the Communist Party retreated into the forest. The Malayan People’s Liberation Army was organized. This army has about 13,000 men, of which the 10th team is mainly composed of Malays.

This period, known as the Malayan state of emergency, lasted from 1948 to 1960. The brutal battle spread throughout the Malay Peninsula. The British strategy was quite effective. Through economic and political compromises against the Chinese, the Chinese living in the scattered country were concentrated. The “New Village” in the “White Area” outside the power of the Communist Party of China effectively mobilized the Malays against the Malayan Communist Party. It is also an important strategy for the United Kingdom. Since 1949, the Communist Party has lost its motives and recruited guerrillas. Sharply reduced.

In 1951, the Communist Party of Malaya murdered the British High Commissioner Henry Gurney, but this kind of strategy of turning to “terrorists” caused the Malayan Communist Party to lose many moderate Chinese support. Gerald Demp in 1952 Le was appointed commander of the British Army of Malaya. He brought the end of the state of emergency. In the Malaya, Deng Puer invented the tactics of anti-guerrilla warfare and ruthlessly annihilated the Communist Party. Although the guerrillas were defeated, the British army Relying on the background of the Cold War, relying on this background, Malayan, a member of the Commonwealth, became independent on August 31, 1957.

8. Establishment of Malaysia

The Chinese opposed the Communist Party of China and appeared in the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), which was formed in February 1949. It became a channel for regulating Chinese political opinions. Its leader Chen Yilu was willing to cooperate with Umno to establish a citizen of all ranks. Independent Malaya, but at the same time make a full compromise on the sensitive issue of Malays to stop the fear of Malay nationalists.

In 1951, the Prince of Kedah, Donggu Abdul Rahman, after Owen Jaffar, was responsible for the Umno leader, and Chen Yulu worked closely with Donggu Abdul Rahman, as the British announced in 1949. Regardless of whether the Malays are willing or not, Malaya will gain independence within a few years, and the two leaders must make up their minds to propose an agreement that is acceptable to both communities and become the basis of a stable independent state. This Umno-Chinese guild alliance (later the Indian National Congress joined the ally in 1955) won both the Malay and Chinese regions in the 1952 and 1955 elections.

The introduction of the democratically elected local government system is another important step in overcoming the Communist Party. After the death of Stalin in 1953, there was a divergence in the leadership of the Communist Party of the Communist Party against the continued armed struggle. Many Malaysian guerrillas lost confidence in the armed struggle. Returning home, and when Demple left Malaya in 1954, the state of emergency was over, even though Chen Ping still led a group of stubborn guerrillas to continue in the hard-to-reach Thai border township for many years, leaving a state of emergency The long-term vengeance between the Malays and the Chinese.

In 1955 and 1956, Umno, the MCA, the Indian National Congress and the United Kingdom jointly drafted a draft constitution recognizing that all nations enjoyed the same citizenship. In exchange, the Chinese Association agreed that the head of state was torn by the Malayan Sultan. Malay became the official language to promote and fund the education and economic development of the Malays. In fact, this agreement means that Malaya will be governed by the Malays, especially as they continue to dominate the governing bodies, the police and the military. But Chinese and Indians will have proportional representation in the cabinet and parliament, and govern their majority of states, and their economic status is protected. Whoever controls the education system is a very hot issue, 1 delays to independence Unresolved afterwards, on August 31, 1957, Donggu Abdul Rahman became the first Prime Minister of the independent Malaya.

After the independence of Malaya, the future of other British territories in this region was unresolved. After the Japanese surrender, the Brooke family and the British North Borneo Company gave up control of Sarawak and Sabah respectively, and these areas became British royal colonies. Compared with Malaya, the economic development of these areas is much backward. The local political leaders are too weak to seek independence, and the cultural distinction between these areas and Malaya is also quite large. The Chinese-dominated Singapore was in 1955. In 1959, the young socialist movement leader Lee Kuan Yew became the chief minister of Singapore, and the oil-rich Brunei Sultanate remained a British affiliate. Between 1959 and 1962, the British government convened repeated and complicated negotiations. These local leaders negotiated with the Malayan government.

In 1961, Donggu Abdul Rahman agreed to establish the concept of “Malaysia”. Malaysia will include Brunei, Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, which were once British overseas territories. The rationale behind this is to allow the central government. The government controls and combats the activities of the Communist Party (especially in Singapore). In addition, Malaya is also afraid that Singapore will become a base for Chinese chauvinists if it is independent. It wants to rule the Malays and balance the ethnicity. After the inclusion of Lai, Sabah and Sarawak in this new country, their Malays and indigenous populations will offset the majority of Singaporeans.

Although Singapore’s Chief Minister Lee Kuan Yew supports this proposal, his party’s opponents in the Singapore socialist front oppose the plan, believing that this is a plan for the UK to continue to control the region. Most political parties in Sarawak also oppose this plan. There is no political party in Sabah. However, local community representatives also expressed opposition. Brunei Sultan supported the plan, but the Brunei People’s Party objected to the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1961, Donggu Abdul Rahman His opponents went on to discuss the plan in 1 step. In October, the British government approved the plan, provided that the region participating in the merger plan had to be approved, and Lord Cobbold led the Gebo Committee to Borneo to study the opinions of local residents. It is believed that Sabah and Sarawak agreed to merge, but many people in Brunei objected that 70% of the referendums in Singapore agreed to the merger, provided that the Singaporean government obtained substantial autonomy and Brunei Sudan withdrew from the participating Malaysia. Plan, this is due to opposition from the majority of the people, about The dispute over the proportion of oil profit distribution, and the status of the post-merger Sudan, in addition, the People’s Party of Brunei launched an armed revolution, although it was immediately flattened, but it was regarded as a latent instability factor in this new country.

After discussing the report of the Gebo Committee, the British government set up the Landsdowne Committee to draft a draft of the Malaysian Constitution. The final draft of the new constitution was basically the same as the 1957 Malaya Constitution. Only a few modifications were made. For example, originally The recognition of the special status of the Malays extends to all indigenous peoples in Sarawak and Sabah. The three newly joined countries of Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah are also given some autonomy. This is the original 9 Malaya states. What the Department does not have, because Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah are the countries of the United States and the Federation of Malaya constitute the Malaysian Federation.

After the negotiations in July 1963, it was decided that the Malaysian Federation would be formally established on August 31, 1963. This day happened to be the day of independence of Malaya and the British autonomy granted to Singapore and Sabah, but the Philippines and Indonesia strongly opposed it. This situation has developed. Indonesia calls Malaysia a representative of neocolonialism, while the Philippines emphasizes that Sabah is her territory. Indonesian President Sukarno has raised objections with the support of the powerful Communist Party of Indonesia, and the Sarawak People’s United Party has launched repeated protests. Based on these factors, the United Nations formed an eight-member delegation to visit Sarawak and Sabah to confirm their willingness to participate in Malaysia.

Malaysia was formally established on September 16, 1963. It is composed of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore. The population of Malaysia was about 10 million.